ALC201: The good and evil technology in Wall-E

During the 20th century, the world witnessed the new barriers of technology and how we managed to reach new frontiers in a short span of time. During this period, writers and scholars like Aldous Huxley, George Orwell, Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck giving us their view on a dystopian future and its consequences.

The consequences of the technology have also been shown countless times in popular culture with movies and TV-shows based on these futures coming out every year. Most of the movies have very clear key-messages on the danger of technology such as the film-adaption of ‘1984’, ‘Blade Runner’ and ‘The Matrix’ where none of them are meant for kids.

A movie, that was meant for kids but does have some of the same key-messages as the previous mentioned movies is the 2008 Pixar/Disney movie ‘Wall-E’. Some of the messages and symbolism we can see throughout the movie are ‘consumerism’, ‘technological dependency’, ‘artificial intelligence’ and ‘pollution’.

In ‘Wall-E’ we follow the robot Wall-E programmed to clean up Earth after our home planet has been destroyed by pollution caused by the over excessive use of modern technology in the modern society.

The movie represent a lot of different interesting themes as mentioned earlier, a lot of them related to the ethics and dangers of technology. Some of the questions raised when watching the movie can be, is technology worth the risk? Are we to play God? Can robots be, and treated as humans (in the movie, Wall-E, a robot, develops feeling).

In the movie, our earth is destroyed because of the humans. In the recent years the awareness on the possible dangers to our nature has increased. In 1986 Ulrich Beck released his book ‘Risikogesellschaft’, which was translated and published to English in 1992 under the title ‘Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Short time after the German release in 1986, the Chernobyl disaster happened and showed the relevance of the book.

In the book Beck raises the question on nuclear energy and other types of modern technology used in the modern society. He debates whether or not the risks are worth the potential cost of the technology: “should the possibility of an ecological catastrophe be accepted, for instance, in order to satisfy economic interests?” (Beck 1992, p. 29)

So the notion Beck describes in his book regarding the advancement in technology in the real world can also be seen in Wall-E. Bech did mostly focus on nuclear energy, but did also talk about technology in general and the excessive use of this in the rich countries and how it will affect, not only them, but also the rest of the world.

The pollution that has led to the destruction of Earth is far from the only thing that is illustrated in the movie.

In the movie, the world is portrayed as being ruined by mankind, while the humans has left earth behind and instead have taken life to space in the spacecraft ‘AXIOM, where they in the comfort of chairs, being served by robots and watching TV all day long. Mankind has left the earth, destroyed and now enjoy life far away from the problems.

Regarding the question of technology, the way the people live on ‘AXIOM’ may be the most important issue. In the movie, the people who has left earth behind live in a world where they are in their comfortable chairs, getting served by the robots, while eating and watching TV all day.

The portrayal of the humans in the movie is negative. They are shown as obese, polluting, non-independent and self-less; all supported by the technology surrounding them.

In the screencapture from the movie as seen above, two people aboard the ‘AXIOM* are talking to each other using some form of video-chat application similar to Skype, even they are sitting right next to each other.

In the 1991 book “Modernity and Self-identity”, Anthony Giddens describes how we because of the new technological innovations leading to a more globalized world, are able to “move” away from the previous closed spheres and communicate with the world around us. At the same time we are always opted to take new technology into account and make decisions whether or not to use these medias and how. (Giddens, 1991, pp. 103-105)

Giddens described this as having both positive and negative impacts.The constant stream of new choices can be confusing and lead to people not being on the same ‘level’ as their peers and miss out in the social sphere.

In “Wall-E”, the use of the new technology is illustrated in a bad way. The users have taken the new technology into use, but because of this, they are missing out on social interaction. By only interacting with your peers using online communication, you miss out on important parts of social cues, and people will build up their view on you via the information you give out using your online connectivity (Baym, 2010, p. 119)

In the movie, the technology has negative outcomes and seems to have a tight grip on the humans that aren’t able to see clearly and has no intentions of leaving the faux world to get back to their old and ‘real world’ as the technology has so many advantages.

There seems to be a paradox in the movie. The humans has lost their free will to technology and the evil corporation controlling it. Their only hope is a saviour, which in the movie, is Wall-E - another piece of technology.

References:

Baym, Nancy 2010, ‘Personal Connections In The Digital Age, Polity Press

Beck, Ulrich, 1994, ‘Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity’, Polity Press

Giddens, Anthony, 1991, Modernity and Self-identity, Stanford University Press

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Final post: The specular economy and me

David Marshall describes the term “specular economy” as where collectively we are becoming more conscious of how we present ourselves and how others perceive us and this change is migrating to the epicentre of our knowledge economy. (Marshall, 2010, p 498)

For years we have studied how we portray ourselves and how we plan our identity we portray to the outer world. In the poem ‘All the world’s stage’ by William Shakespeare, he describes how the human being portrays itself different depending on their surroundings:

And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,

(Shakespeare, 1623)

The notion that we change our identity to match our surroundings has later been described by a lot of scholars, one of the most popular being Erving Goffman. In his work “The presentation of self in everyday life”, Goffman describes how we construct our identity. Using the terms “backstage” and “frontstage” from the theatrical world, he describes how we as humans work as actors on a stage, with backstage being the behind the scenes where we construct and plan our identity, which we present to the outer world on the frontstage.

Before the internet we constructed and presented our identity through the different social spheres we moved in. E.g. at work you would act professional and behave accordingly to what is expected by you in the workplace, while you would behave different around your friends down at the local pub.

With the internet and new technology, “we now have an incredibly complex presentation of the self through the screens of social media via the Internet and mobile communication.” (Marshall, 2010, p 499.

On the Internet we have a lot of different profiles and thereby also a lot of different identities we must construct, present and maintain.


As in real life, the Internet provides us with a set of different social spheres where we construct and present our identity.


Given the Internet is a digital medium; there are differences in the way identity works online compared to offline. On the Internet the identity is not strictly attached to the body, thus given “disembodied identities” (Baym, 2010, p. 105).



The disembodied identities online, gives people better options to lie and adjust how they represent themself. In real life the options to alter your personality such as what sex you are and age. (Baym, 2010, p 106)


According to Baym, the disembodied identities works in a way similar to the way Shakespeare and Goffman describes it. E.g. your identity you represent on an online porn forum (hypothetical example) will in most cases differ from your representation on social media networks such as Facebook where you present yourself to family and friends.


The same goes for me. I started using the Internet in the end of the 90s when I was only around 9 years old, and signed up for a community when I was around 10. The first site I signed up to was a front-runner for social media sites in Denmark, called “Netstationen”. It worked as on online chatroom where you had an avatar and then where able to walk around in a big hotel-building with themed rooms and even rent your own private room for the virtual currency you would be credited with for the amount of time you stayed online (this was in the 56K modem days, so staying online was not for free).

I stopped using Netstationen back in 2003. Even though this is 10 years ago, some of the ways I created my online persona has similarities to the way I do with Facebook and other social media sites now. As Netstationen was by far the most popular network of its kind in Denmark around the new millennium, most of my peers used the site as well and we all know who we were on the site. This meant, that the way your represented yourself on the site, would also have an effect on how people portrayed you in real life.


Having a strong profile on the site had an impact in real-life. Most of this was based on the stuff you could buy. By having a private room with furniture, you would stand out as being ‘cooler’ than the rest of the users and it even came to a point, where the kids on my school would approach the other kids and ask to be invited to the virtual rooms to hang out and would even pay for it!


To have a strong persona online you needed to personalize your profile. On Netstationen most of this was doable by spending the online currency on the site to buy new clothes, rooms and furniture. Other parts of the creation of the profile were updating your profile info and chose a nickname.


According to Baym, the name is one of, if not, the most important parts of the online identity. (Baym, 2010, p. 109)

On Facebook, a lot of credibility is based on the name, as most people expect of you to use your real name, where as it on other sites, it is not expected that you use a real name and the nickname you pick will be a basis for your identity.


For me, the ‘name’ on social sites has had a whole different meaning given that I have frequented, what I would personally define a lot of spheres on the Internet. My online nick, which I unfortunately can’t reveal here, has been the base for my persona on a lot of different sites and networks. I have used the nickname for online gaming, poker, software-forums and for illegal activities such as hacker-forums and online music/movie/software piracy. Using the same nickname has connected my disembodies identities throughout the internet, and people who search for me by looking at my nickname on a harmless message board will, if they search long enough, find information on me related to illegal activities.

Doing this can have negative impacts, as people will be able to connect my harmless identity with would can be called a ‘darker’ side of me. One of the reasons I used my nickname to widespread is because of the strong persona I had built up surrounding it. As an awkward teenager it was a great achievement to have built a strong online persona surrounding my nickname.

Where as my online persona using my nickname on the message-boards are mostly based on what I write and showcase in the related contexts, (Baym, 2010, p. 109) my online identity connected to my ‘real life’ identity is based on a lot of other factors.


On Facebook I have learned from my prior mistakes and keep a distance from all the illegal activies online and on purpose keep out of debates regarding subjects such as online piracy and hacking/cracking when they show up on my feed and also I do not ‘like’ groups related to this.


One of the factors of the online identity is based on the groups we like. We built our identity by liking and joining groups (Baym, 2010, p. 111). So if I liked certain groups such as fanpages for “Anonymous”, people will connect this information about me to their whole portrayal of my online persona.


With a site such as Facebook, information we give out in the real world is missing. People cannot see body language and a lot of the information people have about me is based on previous meetings in real life. The lack of information about people on Facebook does, that your peers built up the ‘missing’ pieces based on how your present yourself through cues such as a profile picture, your name, the way you write, likes, your friends and what they do. A lot of factors are involved when presenting your identity on Facebook. (Baym, 2010, p. 119)


To deal with this, I have taken a few steps to be able to get the most optimal representation of myself. I do not post controversial stuff on my wall, I do not allow strangers to view my profile and I have set my private options in a way, so that I have to approve every thing that gets posted on my wall or that I get tagged in.



By doing this I am able to control the flow of information regarding me and sort out the negative posts or pictures that can have a negative impact on the way I want to portray myself.

This has lead to my profile being more ‘clean’ that it was previously when I allowed everything on my wall and got tagged in a lot of photos that would portray a bad image of me. An example of this when I was tagged in an image where I was marijuana, which was up on my wall for more than 10 hours until I discovered it and removed the tag. In the meantime my family and friends saw the picture and added the information about me to their whole portrayal of my identity.


Sorting out information can have a negative impact though as people may be seeing my online persona as being ‘shallow’ compared to my offline persona and this also means I risk getting ‘caught’ with my untruthful information. I try to avoid this by letting in information that may seem to be harmful for the picture I try to represent. This can be a drunken selfies taken from the night before or posts where my friends make fun of the football-teams I support.


I do this to add authenticity to my profile, that people hopefully will acknowledge and thereby accept the me I present to them (Baym, 2010, p. 120)





References:

Marshall, P.D 2010, ‘The Specular Economy’, Society, vol. 47, no. 6

Baym, Nancy 2010, ‘Personal Connections In The Digital Age, Polity Press

Shakespeare, William, As You Like It, Act II, Scene VII, 1623

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Week 9: Chollywood!

According to Klein the cultural flow between the Asian and American movie industry is a two-way trade. While Hollywood is using themes from Asian cultures more and more, the Asian film Industries are in turn becoming Hollywoodized (Klein, 2004, p. 361)

We have seen countless of examples on how Asian movies are adapted to the Western market or how the Asian cultures are portrayed more and more in big Hollywood movies. Recent examples are movies such as ‘Pacific Rim’ or, a personal favourite of mine, ‘Only God Forgives’ by the Danish producer Nicolas Winding Refn with Ryan Gosling in the lead role.

Only God Forgives

In ‘Only God Forgives’ the setting of the movie is Bangkok and most of the supporting characters are local actors. 

The direct portrayal of the Asian culture and use of Asian actors are not the only ways in which Hollywood is trying to attract the Asian audience. 

Big blockbusters are adjusting their movies to fit the Asian market. This has been seen a lot recently. An example of this is with the latest James Bond movie, 'Skyfall', where the movie was edited for the Asian version with the cut out of scenes portraying prostitution in the Macau and the shooting of a security-guard in Shanghai. (Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-21115987)

Skyfall is not the only example on how major parts of movies are edited to concur with the Asian audience. This was also seen in World War Z where the origin of a virus outbreak was changed from China to South Korea and in Red Dawn, where the original storyline was changed from the Chinese invading and instead portrays North Korea as the perpetrators.

The Asian movie market is indeed big and Hollywood sees this potential. In the first half of 2013, the box office sales in China reached 1.79 billion USD. This was mostly from domestic films and imported films actually saw a decline in over 20% compared to the last year. (Source: http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-up-36-583085)

On the top10 of highest grossing movies in that period in China, Hollywood is represented 6 times. The highest on the list, on a 2nd place being Iron Man 3, which also changed parts of the movies and added extra Asian actors to fit the market.

Chollywood: a term for the 'Asian Hollywood' as read in this article:

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10331411/Welcome-to-Chollywood-Chinas-richest-man-woos-Hollywoods-A-listers.html

References:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-21115987

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http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-up-36-583085

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http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1602613/

http://imdb.com/title/tt1300854/

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http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10331411/Welcome-to-Chollywood-Chinas-richest-man-woos-Hollywoods-A-listers.html

Klein, C 2004, 'Martial arts and the globalization of US and Asian film industries', Comparative American Studies; An International Journal, vol. 2

Week 8: The specular economy

In the weekly reading, David Marshall describes the way we represent ourselves online as the same way when we look in the mirror. When we look in the mirror we see ourselves in our own image and we can see what we want to improve and how we can do so. 

With the use of online social medias such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, we are getting aware of how we portray ourselves and “We are constantly placing ourselves as with the simple technology of the mirror, into the picture and onto the screen.” (Marshall, 2010, p. 499). 

As I have done prior studies where I have analysed social media with theories from scholars such as Erwing Goffman, Joshua Meyrowitz and Nancy Baym, I am now aware of the importance of online portrayal and how important the way we portray ourselves online on sites such as Facebook is.

This doesn’t mean I am up-to-date on all the sites I do this on. I have not updated my LinkedIn profile for years and my Twitter-account is lacking info.

On Facebook I am very aware on how I portray myself though. I have set my privacy settings in such way, that I have to approve tags and things posted on my wall.

By doing this, I can shape the online persona of me that is reflected to my ‘real-life’ identity. This can also have a negative effect though. Through my personal information, such as profile picture, updates, the way I write comments people build up their personal image of my persona. (Baym 2010, p 112)

By ‘hiding’ and adjusting information, I am in the risk of being ‘exposed. This can occur if people find information on my other places, e.g. on my out-dated LinkedIn profile or if I suddenly post things that don’t match my identity, or ‘line’ as Goffmann would describe it. This will hurt the credibility of my online persona will lose credibility I wouldn’t have lost if I was honest and didn’t filter information in the first place.

References:

Marshall, P.D 2010, ‘The Specular Economy’, Society, vol. 47, no. 6

Baym, Nancy 2010, ‘Personal Connections In The Digital Age, Polity Press

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Week 7 - Games

Gaming has progressed in the recent years. Gaming has moved away from the arcades back in the 80s and 90s to private homes, the internet and smartphones for the whole family to enjoy. For as long as I can remember I have been a ‘gamer’. I grew up with a Commodore 64 and learned to load games when I was only 4 years old. This led to me playing a lot of different games on the C64 and later on PC. A lot of these games have been defined as being “violent” or controversial.

In the text by Raessen he explores the domain of interpretation in video games. According to Jenkins, as citied in Raessen, Computer games have to be defined based on specific combinations of technical, social, cultural and economic characteristics and not on exclusive, essential one. (Raessen, 2005, p. 24).

Throughout the years I have played a lot of video games that would be seen upon as more or less harmless in Denmark, but had controversies in other cultures. An example of this is the latest game in “Saints Row” franchise that has been banned in Australia for the drug use and dildo-weapons (Source: http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2013/07/saints-row-iv-is-very-banned-in-australia/).

Dildo-weapons and drugs? No go!

Because of the cultural understanding of the game in Australia, the game was banned. This is not the first time a game has been banned in Australia or multiple countries for that matter. The Grand Theft Auto franchise has some of the most well-known controversies in the new age of gaming and has especially been targeted in Australia and USA.

GTA III, Vice City and GTA IV have been released as censored versions in Australia, due to the mature content.

Once again, the cultural opinion of the game as seen upon by the Australian authority has caused a modification of the game compared to the rest of the world. The reasons behind this may be well-argued, but where is the limit? Even after a lot of research has shown us, that videogames are NOT to blame for horrors such as school-shootings, videogames continue to be under attack of censorship.

Maybe this will not be censored?

References:


Raessens, J 2005, ‘Computer games as participatory media culture, Handbook of Computer Game Studies, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, pg 373-388

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Week 6: Blogging

Blog: a Web site on which someone writes about personal opinions, activities, and experiences (Marriam-Webster)

Blogging has seen an uprise during the new century, and you are able to find blogs covering almost every topic thinkable. People have different reasons for blogging, some may be doing it for personal pleasure where as others do it for a profit.

By blogging you add content and personal opinions to the blogosphere and, if you don’t limit access to your blog, something for the whole world to see.

This can have positive and negative impacts. By blogging on certain topics you can express your knowledge and by that advance your career-opportunities and in some cases even set up a lifestyle evolved around blogging. On the Internet you can see countless of examples of people who have set up a whole career based on blogging. This goes for a lot of fashion-related blogs, lifestyle, traveling.

It is not uncommon for employers to find potential employees through sites like Facebook, LinkedIn and by searching blogs.

As with everything you post on the Internet, it is important to

Think and plan on what the ramifications of what you post can have.

Having a fulfilling front stage of your persona on the Internet can lead to new opportunitiesis also seen, which is also seen in the research done by Richards and Kosmala, where for one blogger, it “led to opportunities for a new career” (Richards and Komala, 2013, p. 75).

References:

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blog , Retrieved September 25, 2013


Richards, J., & Kosmala, K. 2013, ‘in the end you can only slag people off for so long: employee cynicism through work blogging’, New technology, work and employment, Vol 28, no.1